Ethnorelativism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethnorelativism - Essay Example By taking a step outside of this situation one has to place their culture and region in the same context as other cultures and religions. Ethnocentrism’s goal is to separate the world into two opposing factions for the different religions; that is, us against them. The practice of ethnocentrism in a country such as the United States, individual groups are either friend or foes to the cause; superiority of an individual group. In short, ethnocentrism expounds on social differences and scholars describe it as prejudice broadly conceived. A practical example is the â€Å"handling of international relations, creating conflicts and inhibiting resolution of conflicts†. When two groups are in conflict, each group will view the conflict from a subjective standpoint and view the opposing group as threatening. America being the melting point of cultures should be a neutral place where everyone is able to express their individual cultures. However, this is not usually the case, as some cultures are naturally perceived to be superior to others. As with individuals, every culture has its own unique characteristics that differentiate them from the rest. These differences, nevertheless, are the reason for cultural conflicts that exist in society. Despite ethnocentrism being a negative trait, each individual has the capability to propagate ethnocentrism. Booth states that self-pride, and to a large extent cultural pride, increases the tendency of individuals to assume that their cultures are superior to others (49).

Selective vs. Differential Media Essay Example for Free

Selective vs. Differential Media Essay Answer the following questions as you work your way through the lab material typing in your answers. Then submit your finished lab report as a Microsoft Word document. This lab report is worth 100 points towards your final lab grade. Each Q is worth 2 points unless otherwise noted. Also, per the Honor Code, this work must be your own. This is due Mon. 10/8 at 11:59 PM. The theme of this lab is the identification of unknown bacteria and viruses in a lab. Selective vs. Differential Media Selective vs. Differential Media Use the following website to help you answer Q 1 and 2 http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/labs/rome/selectivedifferential.htm 1. What is a selective medium? What makes the medium selective? Name 2 examples (3 pts.) A selective medium is a medium that contains antimicrobials, dyes or alcohol that supports the growth of certain organisms, while inhibiting the growth of others. Two examples of selective medium are Mannitol Salt agar and Phenylethyl Alcohol. 2. What is a differential medium? What makes the medium differential? Name 2 examples (3 pts.) Differential medium is distinguishing microorganisms from one another based on growth characteristics. A medium is differential when you are able to visibly see the differences in growth patterns of organisms. Differential media include blood agar and Eosin Methylene Blue. Steps Used in Identifying an Unknown Bacterium in a Laboratory I. In a lab situation you would take you inoculum and perform a streak plate in order to separate out individual cells enough to obtain a pure culture (see Atlas p. 5) 3. What is the most common streaking method? (2 pts.) The most common streaking method is the Streak plate method, while the most common streaking technique is the quadrant method. The quadrant method incubates an agar using a four-streak pattern. 4. What is the principle behind the Streak Plate Method of Isolation? (2 pts.) The Streak Plate Method of Isolation is used to obtain a pure culture in order to isolate a certain organism. This method allows for the organism to produce individual colonies on an agar plate. II. After incubating your streak plate you would perform a Gram Stain as you learned in Lab #1 – The Virtual Gram Stain. Im directing you to the Virtual Gram Stain website from the Univ. of Michigan. Click on View Example. You will need to move your cursor over the test tubes to see what each contains. Then click on the test tubes in the correct order to run the program this is really cool! http://vudat.msu.edu/gram_stain/ 5. What were the results of your Virtual Gram Stain, i.e. describe what you see on the slide as to color, Gram Stain result and morphology? (4 pts.) The gram stain was negative. The shape was bacilli and had purple spores present. III. Using the dichotomous keys provided as MSWord Documents in this lab, you would carry out specific tests utilizing selective and differential media in order to identity your bacterium. In a microbiology lab you would use â€Å"Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology†. This book includes all tests and their results to aid in the identification of unknown bacteria. Use the following websites to answer these questions: http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/biology20/unit3/unit3_mod1_les2.htm http://www.uiweb.uidaho.edu/micro_biology/250/IDFlowcharts.pdf 6. What is a dichotomous key? (4 pts.) A dichotomous key is a key used to help identify bacteria using process of elimination testing in order to identify each bacteria characteristic. 7. Based on the Information Flow Charts from Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology Page 2, answer these questions: (4 pts) a. What is the FIRST test that is performed in a lab to differentiate between groups of bacteria? The first test preformed to differentiate between bacteria is Gram stain testing. b. If you looked at your slide with the 100X oil immersion objective, what is the next thing that you would observe based on the information in the flow chart? The next step in identification is morphology. 8. The remaining flow chart pages will show you how dichotomous keys are used in bacterial identification. Scroll down to page 7 and look at the Family Enterobacteriaceae which is comprised of Gram negative rods. (4 pts.) a. What is the first test that may be performed to start differentiating among the individual species? The first test that may be performed to start differentiating among the individual species is Lactose Fermentation. b. Use of a dichotomous key allows you to perform the next test needed to identify your mystery microbe based on the results of the test you just performed, i.e. were the results positive + or negative -. Using the flowchart, what would be the microbe which has these test results: Lactose positive (+), Indole positive (+) and Citrate negative (-)? The microbe would be Escherichia Coli. ATLAS SECTION 2: SELECTIVE MEDIA. I would like for you to read over the different types of selective media and then answer the following questions. Remember that selective media promote the growth of some bacteria while actively discouraging the growth of others. 9. For what is Chocolate II agar used? ( 2 pts.) Chocolate II agar is used for isolation and cultivation of Neisseria and Haemophilus. 10. Based on the information in the Principle section, Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar will select for the growth of which bacteria? What does the alcohol actually do? (2 pts.) Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar selects for the growth of Gram-positive organisms. The Alcohol in the agar interferes with the DNA synthesis of Gram-negative organisms which inhibits growth. ATLAS SECTION 7: DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA Please read over this section. Differential media usually distinguish or differentiate different species of bacteria based on the color of the individual colonies or the areas surrounding them. Look up these tests and answer the following questions: Blood Agar, Catalase, Citrate, Coagulase, Indole, Methyl Red, Motility, TSI, Urea, 11. What is a hemolysis and what type of bacteria produce it? (2 pts.) Hemolysis is the exotoxin of gram positive cocci (streptococcus, enterocus, and aerocccus) that destroy RBCs and hemoglobin. 12. What are the 3 major types of hemolysis and their descriptions? (2 pts.) The three types of hemolysis are B, A, Y. B is complete clearing or destruction of the RBCs or hemoglobin and it results in a clearing of the medium around the colonies. A is partial destruction and a green color forms around the colonies. Y is non-Hemolysis and shows simple growth and no change to the medium. 13. When would you use the Catalase test? (2 pts.) This test should be used when trying to identify organisms that produce catalase. It is used when differentiating between Catalase positive micrococcaceae and catalase negative streptococcaceae and some variations of the catalase test are for mycobacterium. 14. The Citrate Tests is part of what test series? What is the color of a positive Citrate Test? (2 pts.) The citrate tests are part of the IMVIC (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Prokauer and Citrates tests) and are used to distinguish between enterobacteriaceae and other gram negative rods. A positive Citrate test will turn blue. 15. What is the purpose of the Coagulase Test? Why is it to S. aureus’ advantage to produce this enzyme? (2 pts.) The coagulase test is used to differentiate between staphylococcus aureus and other gram positive cocci. Coagulase forms a shield with fibrin barriers to resist phagocytoses and other cellular attacks. 16. The Indole test will help differentiate what group of bacteria? Using the Methyl Red test, what color indicates a positive result? (2 pts.) The Indole test help differentiate enterobacteriaceae and a positive Methyl Red test result is red. 17. What is the principal behind the TSI agar test? The shallow slant and deep butt allow for what? (2 pts.) Triple Sugar Iron Agar test or TSI is loaded with nutrients to help distinguish between enterobacteriaceae and other gram negative rods on the basis of glucose fermentation, lactose fermentation, sucrose fermentation and sulfur reduction. A slanted test tube with a deep butt is used. The agar contains beef and yeast extracts as well as peptone for carbon and nitrogen sources. Also, Sodium thiosulfate for reducible sulfur. Phenol red as a Ph indicator and iron in ferrous sulfate as a hydrogen sulfate indicator. The basis is as something is digested the changes in ph and hydrogen sulfate will cause the color to change. 18. What pathogens can be identified using the Urease test? What color is a positive result? (2 pts.) Identified pathogens come from the genus Proteus. These hydrolyze urea with and enzyme called urease. A positive result will be pink. Watch this program that will walk you through the process of identifying a foodborne pathogen that has made people sick. Follow the instructions, clicking where indicated to start the activity. Once the file opens, click first on Gram Stain and you will see how it works. Then answer the following questions. http://www.swtafe.vic.edu.au/toolbox/lab_ops/laboratory/studynotes/snFlowChartIdentProcBac.htm 19. What Gram positive cocci were discovered using the Gram Stain? (2 pts.) The Gram positive cocci discovered using the Gram Stain are staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Streptococcus. 20. The positive results of the Catalase Test indicated the possible presence of which Gram + bacteria? (2 pts.) The Catalast test indicated the possible presence of micrococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria. 21. The Oxidation/Fermentation test was positive for which Gram + bacteria? (2 pts.) The Oxidation/Fermentaion test was positive for staphylococcus bacteria. 22. The Coagulase test specifically identified which species of Staphylococcus? (2 pts.) The Coagulase test specifically identified the species aureus. Now using the Dichotomous Keys provided in the Blackboard section for Lab #3, identify these bacteria based on their test results. Then provide a brief description of each from the Atlas Section 12. (4 pts. each) 23. Test Results: Gram + coccus, Catalase negative, Alpha Hemolysis Bacteria are S. pneumoniae. S. pneumoniae ia an ac-hemolytic, nonmotile, encapsulated, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive coccus. It is a significant cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and menigitis in adults. There are at least 80 different serotypes and are defined by antigenically by their capsules. Typically starts in the nasopharynx and from there spread to the lungs and develops into pneumonia or is harbored asymptomatic for months. 24. Test Results: Gram + coccus, Catalase positive, Coagulase negative, Beta Hemolysis Bacteria are S. epidermis. S. epidermis are non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, non-hemolytic, gram-positive coccus. Normal inhabitant of human skin that has become a significant nosocomial pathogen, Most strains produce a slime layer that may enable them to attach to certain hospital apparatus used in surgical procedures, thereby gaining entrance into the body. Most infections at the site of prosthetic implantation are from S. epidermis, can be severe or fatal. 25. Test Results: Gram – rod, Lactose negative, Urease positive Bacteria are P. mirabilis. P. mirabilis are straight, facultatively anaeroic, highly motile (swarming), Gram-negative rod. It is a normal inhabitant of our intestinal tract and is in some other animals as well. It is also common in soil and contaminated water. Is has the â€Å"swarming motility† characteristics ad produces a series of visible concentric rings. Common nosocomial pathogen isolated from septic wounds and Urinary tract infections. You get it from direct contact with the source. It can lead to other complications like kidney stones and Proteus Septicemia. 26. Test Results: Gram – rod, Lactose positive, IMViC ++ (= negative, negative, positive, positive), Urease positive Bacteria are K. pneumoniae. K. pneumoniae are nonmotile, encapsulted, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative rod. It is found in soil, water, grain, fruits, vegetables and intestinal tracts of a variety of animals including humans. It is in the nasopharynx and oropharynx in humans and is often transmitted as aerosol droplets from person to person. It is a very common nosocominal pathogen. Common infections caused by K. pneumoniae are pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bronchitis, surgical wound infections, biliam tract infections and hospital associated bacteremia. The bacteria are becoming more antibiotic resistant and harder to treat in recent years. ATLAS SECTION 9: MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES Today a pathogenic microbe can be identified very quickly using molecular techniques such as DNA Extraction, Electrophoresis, Polymerase Chain Reaction and DNA Sequencing. Answer the following questions using the information in this section of your Atlas. 27. What are the 3 BASIC steps in DNA extraction? (2 pts.) The 3 basic steps in DNA extraction are- 1. Detergent (Sodium Dodecylsulfate-SDS) is used to lyse cells and release cellular contents. 2. Heating-dentures proteins and other cell components 3. Water-soluble DNA is precipitated in cold alcohol as a whitish, stringy mass. 28. What does electrophoresis do? What is added to the gel to make the results visible? (2 pts.) Electrophoresis is a technique where molecules are separated by size and electrical charge in a gel. Coomassie blue is added for protein staining and ethidium bromide (fluorescent dye) is used for nucleic acids. 29. What enzyme is used in PCR and why? (2 pts.) The enzyme used in PCR is DNA Polymerase. It is used because it is able to attach the free nucleotides to complementary bases on the template and create a good copy. THE VIRTUAL BACTERIA ID LAB from the HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/vlabs/index.html Open this website and click on â€Å"The Bacterial Identification Lab†. Following the instructions, work your way through this lab. 30. Following the instructions, identify your bacterium and write the species name here. (To do so, you will need to read the page entitled Nucleotide Sequence (1410 letter) and click on Descriptions. Then click on the top Accession Code. Move down to the 7th line: Organism.) (8 pts.) Our bacterium species name is Bartonella henselae 31. Now, on the CDC website (http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/catscratch.htm) , look up the information on this bacterium and write a 2 paragraph (4-5 sentences per paragraph) answer on the disease that it causes. (8 pts.) The disease that our bacterium Bartonella henselae causes is cat scratch disease (CSD). Most people that are affected in CSD have been scratched or bitten by a cat that is carrying it. They develop an infection at the site of injury. The lymph nodes, typically the ones around the neck, head and upper limbs become swollen. Some of the symptoms people with CSD have are fever, headache, fatigue and poor appetite. There are also some rare complications of this bacterium like bacillary angiomatosis and Parinaud’s oculolandular syndrome. Cats and kittens can spread CDS bacterium to people through bites and scratches. About 40% of cats are carrying CDS at some point in their lives. Cats with CDS do not display and signs of the illness and you cannot determine which cats have it and which do not. You can reduce your risk of contracting CDS by avoiding rough play with cats, washing cat bites and scratches immediately with soap and water, not letting the cat lock open wounds and controlling fleas. You want to call the doctor if an infection occurs after a bite or scratch. Generally CSD is not serious. Medical treatment is not usually needed. Sometimes treatment with antibiotics like azithromycin is helpful in clearing the infection. Prognosis is good. On a side note, I actually had this as a child. I got it from a stray kitten scratch. I developed large swollen lymph nodes under my arms, fever and soreness. I am not sure if not as much was known back then but my Dr. did surgery to remove the lymph node from under my left arm and drained the other. It was the only surgery (excluding my c-ections) that I have ever had. I never had any further complications after the surgery and was fine immediately afterwards. ATLAS SECTION 10: VIRUSES Viruses cannot be grown on media as bacteria can because they are obligate intracellular parasites and need host cells for reproduction. Therefore their identification in a lab is much more difficult. Often immunological tests are used and you will learn about these in a future lab. 32. Describe the HIV virus. What specific human cells does it infect? (3 pts) The HIV virus is the cause of AIDS. Two forms of the virus exist, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Both are retroviruses and have the ability to make DNA from and RNA template. HIV infects cells with CD4 membrane receptors, normally used for antigen recognition, but by HIV for attachment. A subpopulation of T cells, the T4 helper cells are most commonly affected and die. Other types of cells infected can be dendritic, macrophages and moncytes, HIV can be transmitted through bodily fluids to include: blood, breast milk, semen and vaginal secretions. 33. What is the principle behind growing viral host cells in a lab? What happens after the virus is introduced to the cell culture and what is the result? (5 pts.) The principle behind growing viral host cells is to attain presumptive identification of a virus, how host cells replicate, how quickly it causes damage, and the type of damage it produces. The virus inflicts damage upon the host cell, which in called the CPE (cytopathic effect). It can take as long as 4 days or up to 4 weeks to start seeing damage. Most often they start as small spots (foci) in the cell layer and spread outwards. Common damage to cells includes rounding (small or large), change in texture, or formation of syncytium (the fusion of infected cells).

Adoption Essay -- essays research papers

Adopting a child is an experience that promises to bring great joy as it changes a couple or individual’s life forever. But what happens if the mother of that child wants to endorse their child? Those are the issues that many adopting parents and birth-right mothers are facing today. Many biological mothers want their child back. There are many concerns for adopting parents to know- that there is the possibly that the birth mother may file for the child. As a birth mother or the adopting parent one must realize consequences that could lay ahead. The legal and social transfer of all parental right, responsibilities, and roles from one parent or parents, usually biological, to a nonbiological parent or parents is the definition of adoption. In such a transfer, adoptive parents accept the same rights and responsibilities as the child’s birth parents would have had, while the child becomes a member of a family that provides the social, emotional, and physical nurturing that children needs to grow up to be healthy, functioning adults. But there are some legal issues or opinions that can lead to a halting backfire in the adoption process. But, as the biological parent(s) and adopting parent(s), they must be ready for the quickly, approaching pros and cons. Throughout the adoption journey, the gardein must be prepared and know what is best for them and their child. There are many positive feedbacks to adoption. Children are in need of adoption because some birth parents are unabl...

Organized Marketing of Agricultural Commodities in India Essay

In India, the organised marketing of agricultural commodities has been promoted through a network of regulated markets. Most state governments and UT administrations have enacted legislations to provide for the regulation of agricultural produce markets. While by the end of 1950, there were 286 regulated markets in the country, their number as on 31 March 2006 stood at 7566. In addition, India has 21780 rural periodical markets, about 15 per cent of which function under the ambit of regulation. The advent of regulated markets has helped in mitigating the market handicaps of producers/sellers at the wholesale assembling level. But the rural periodic markets in general, and the tribal markets in particular, remained out of its developmental ambit. 11.2 Present Constraints in the System: The purpose of state regulation of agricultural markets was to protect farmers from the exploitation of intermediaries and traders and also to ensure better prices and timely payment for their produce. Over a period of time, these markets have, however, acquired the status of restrictive and monopolistic markets, providing no help in direct and free marketing, organised retailing and smooth raw material supplies to agro-industries. Exporters, processors and retail chain operators cannot procure directly from the farmers as the produce is required to be channelised through regulated markets and licensed traders. There is, in the process, an enormous increase in the cost of marketing and farmers end up getting a low price for their produce. Monopolistic practices and modalities of the state-controlled markets have prevented private investment in the sector. Post-harvest losses are estimated to be of the order of 5-7 per cent in food grains and 25-30 per cent in the case of fruits and vegetables. 11.3 Need for Reforms: The agriculture sector needs well-functioning markets to drive growth, employment and economic prosperity in rural areas of India. In order to provide dynamism and efficiency into the marketing system, large investments are required for the development of post-harvest and cold-chain infrastructure nearer to the farmers’ field. A major portion of this investment is expected from the private sector, for which an appropriate regulatory and policy environment is necessary. Also, enabling policies need to be put in place to encourage the procurement of agricultural commodities directly from farmers’ fields and to establish effective linkage between the farm production and the retail chain and food processing industries. Accordingly, the state governments were requested to suitably amend their respective APMC Acts for deregulation of the marketing system in India, to promote investment in marketing infrastructure, thereby motivating the corporate sector to undertake direct marketing and to facilitate a national integrated market. 11.4 The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation also formulated a model law on agricultural marketing for guidance and adoption by the state governments. The model legislation provides for the establishment of private markets/yards, direct purchase centres, consumer/farmers’ markets for direct sale and promotion of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in the management and development of agricultural markets in India. Provision has also been made in the Act for constitution of State Agricultural Produce Marketing Standards Bureau for the promotion of grading, standardisation and quality certification of agricultural produce. This would facilitate pledge financing, direct purchasing, forward/future trading and exports. Several state governments have initiated steps for amending their respective APMC Acts. A table indicating the state-wise status of reforms in APMC Acts as on 31 December 2006 is given below: Sl No. Stage of Reforms 1. States/ UTs where APMC Acts have Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, been suitably amended. Sikkim, Nagaland, Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Arunachal Pradesh, Maharashtra and Chandigarh. States/ UTs where reforms to APMC Haryana, Karnataka, Gujarat and National Acts have been partially modified: Capital Territory of Delhi a) by amending APMC Act/ Resolution b) by Executive Order Uttar Pradesh. States/ UTs where there is no APMC Bihar, Kerala, Manipur, Andaman & Nicobar Act in operation Islands, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu and Lakshadweep States/ UTs where APMC Act already Tamil Nadu provides for the reforms States/ UTs where administrative Assam, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, J&K, action has been initiated for Uttrakhand, Goa, West Bengal Pondicherry and introducing the reforms Jharkhand. 11.5 Terminal Markets: The Department has recently taken the initiative to promote modern terminal markets for fruits, vegetables and other perishables in important urban centres in India. These markets would provide state-of-the art infrastructure facilities for electronic auction, cold chain and logistics and operate through primary collection centres conveniently located in producing areas to allow easy access to farmers. The terminal markets are envisaged to operate on a ‘hub-and-spoke’ format, wherein the terminal market (the hub) would be linked to a number of collection centres (the spokes). 11.6 The terminal markets would be built, owned and operated by a corporate/private/co-operative entity, either by itself, or through the adoption of an outsourcing model. The enterprise could be a consortium of entrepreneurs from agribusiness, cold chain, logistics, warehousing, agri-infrastructure and/or related background. The enterprise would charge a user charge for the services provided. The total financial outlay for implementation of the above component during the Tenth Plan Period is Rs 150 crore. The proposed expenditure will be met from the budget outlay of the National Horticulture Mission. The operational guidelines of the scheme have been circulated to the state governments, which have amended their respective APMC Acts to allow the setting up of markets in the private sector. 11.7 Organisations Dealing with Marketing: The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation has three organisations dealing with marketing under its administrative control, namely, the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DMI), Faridabad; the Ch. Charan Singh National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM), Jaipur; and the Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium (SFAC), New Delhi. 11.8 The DMI is an attached office of the Department and is headed by the agricultural marketing adviser. Its head office is at Faridabad (Haryana), and branch head office as well as 11 regional offices and the Central Agmark Laboratory are located at Nagpur (Maharashtra). Besides these, there are 26 sub-offices and 16 Regional Agmark Laboratories (RALs) spread all over India as per the details given in the table below: Regional Offices 1. Delhi 2. Kolkata 3. Mumbai 4. Bhopal 5. Chennai 6. Kochi 7. Hyderabad 8. Guwahati 9. Lucknow 10. Jaipur 11. Chandigarh 11.9 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Agmark Laboratories under Regional Office 1. Dehradun 1.Okhla 2.Ghaziabad 1. Patna 2.Bhubaneshwar 3.Ranchi 1.Kolkata 2.Patna 3.Bhubaneshwar 1.Nasik 2.Ahmedabad 3.Rajkot 4.Surat 1.Mumbai 2.Rajkot 5.Panaji 6.Pune 7.Sangli 1.Raipur 1.Bhopal 1.Bangalore 2.Madurai 3.Hubli 1.Chennai 2.Bangalore 1.Calicut 2.Thiruvananthapuram 1.Kochi 1.Guntur 2.Vishakhapattanam 1.Guntur 1. Shillong 1.Guwahati 1.Kanpur 2.Varanasi 1.Kanpur 1.Jaipur 1.Jammu 2.Amritsar 3.Abohar 4.Shimla 1.Amritsar Sub-Office under Regional office The main functions of the Directorate are as follows: Rendering advice on statutory regulation, development and management of agricultural produce markets to the state governments/UT administrations; Promotion of standardisation and grading of agricultural and allied produce under the Agricultural Produce (Grading & Marking) Act, 1937; Market research, surveys and planning; Training of personnel in agricultural marketing; Marketing extension; Agricultural marketing information network; Construction of rural godowns; and Development of agricultural marketing infrastructure. 11.10 Grading and Standardisation: The Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1937 empowers the central government to fix quality standards, known as ‘AGMARK’ standards, and, to prescribe terms and conditions for using the seal of AGMARK. So far, grade standards have been notified for 181 agricultural and allied commodities. The purity standards under the provision of the PFA Act and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Act, 1986, are invariably taken into consideration while framing the grade standards. International standards framed by Codex/International Standards Organization (ISO) are also considered so that Indian produce can compete in international markets. 11.11 During the year 2006-07, the following rules have been prepared and are in the process of being notified: (i) the Fruits and Vegetables Grading and Marking (Amendment) Rules, 2006, containing grade standards for capsicum, okra, strawberry, cherries, chillies, melons, watermelons, sapota, custard apple, cauliflower, beans, gherkins, carrots and pears; (ii) the Tapioca, Sago Grading and Marking Rules, 2006; and (iii) the Sattu Grading and Marking Rules, 2006. The grading standards of honey, cut flowers, cereals, oilseeds, tamarinds, mahua flowe rs etc., are also under preparation. Four commodities identified by the Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation (TRIFED), namely, jatropha seeds, myrobalans, karanja seeds and puwad seeds have been taken up for analysis as a part of a collaboration effort between TRIFED and DMI. 11.12 As a result of special efforts initiated to promote grading under AGMARK, commodities valued at Rs 153.31 crore were graded for export purposes during the year 2005-06. During 2006-07 (up to 30 November 2006), commodities valued at Rs 65.00 crore were graded. By the end of March 2006, 192 certificate of authorization holders were operating for grading of agricultural and allied produce for exports purposes under AGMARK. During 2005-06, commodities worth Rs 4998.85 crore were graded for internal trade. During 2006-07 (up to 31 November 2006), commodities valued at Rs 2800.00 crore (estimated) were graded for internal trade. There were also 5958 authorized packers that were operating for grading agricultural commodities for internal trade. During 2005-06, a total revenue of Rs 10.01 crore was realised on account of grading charges etc. During 2006-07 (up to 31 October 2006), an amount of Rs 6.00 crore (provisional) has been realised. 11.13 Marketing Extension: AGMARK quality control programmes as well as improvements in marketing practices and procedures are given wide publicity through mass media. The information is disseminated through documentaries, cinema slides, printed literature, exhibitions, conferences, seminars and workshops. Agricultural Marketing, a quarterly bi-lingual journal, is also published regularly. 11.14 The Directorate participated in the India International Trade Fair, 2006, and will also participate in AHARA-2007. As a part of its normal activity, the Directorate through its regional/sub-offices participated in 11 exhibitions arranged by other organisations at different places during 2005-06. On the eve of World Consumers’ Day, the Directorate organised symposia and mini exhibitions on AGMARK at 14 places. One exclusive AGMARK exhibition is being organised at Ernakulam in Kerala during January 2007. Another is being organised in Haryana. 11.15 Marketing Research and Information Network (AGMARKNET): This is a central sector scheme that was launched by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation in March 2000. The scheme aims at progressively linking important agricultural produce markets spread all over India and the State Agriculture Marketing Boards/ Directorates and the DMI for effective exchange of market information. The market information network, AGMARKNET (agmarknet.nic.in), is being implemented jointly by DMI and NIC, using NICNET facilities available throughout the country. The objective of the scheme is to facilitate collection and dissemination of information for better price realisation. The scheme provides funds to state- and national-level institutions managing the markets and executing market-led extension activities and thus, has no separate gender-specific provisions under the scheme. The portal covers market, price, infrastructure and promotion-related information for efficient marketing. 11.16 During the Tenth Plan, an outlay of Rs 35 crore has been approved for the implementation of the scheme. This includes networking of markets, development of regional portals, market-led extension activities and development of market atlas on Global Information Systems (GIS) platform, etc. During 2006-07 (31 December 2006), as against a budgetary provision of Rs 3.55 crore, an amount of Rs 1.44 crore has been released to NIC for computer connectivity for 121 nodes, and 18 crore to Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka for market-led extension activities. 11.17 The markets are reporting daily prices and arrivals data using a comprehensive national-level database at Agmarknet Portal (www.agmarknet.nic.in). Information on wholesale prices and arrivals in respect of 300-plus commodities and 2000 varieties are being disseminated through the portal on a daily basis. More than 1900 markets have been linked to the Central Agmarknet Portal and more than 1500 markets reported data during the month of November 2006. Weekly prices and arrivals trends are also being disseminated using the portal. Monthly prices and arrivals bulletins are being generated using the national database. In addition to price, other market-related information is provided through the portal. These relate to accepted standards of grades, labeling, sanitary and phyto-sanitary requirement, physical infrastructure of storage and warehousing, marketing laws, fees payable, etc. Similarly, commodity profiles are being loaded on the portal. Commodities already covered include paddy/rice, wheat, Bengal gram, black gram, red gram, mustard/ rapeseed, groundnut, soya bean and sunflower. 11.18 Further, the portal provides information about schemes of DMI, weather information, e-directory of markets, CODEX standards, etc. The portal is also constantly being enriched. Information on prices and arrivals is being disseminated in nine languages. The database developed under Agmarknet is also serving various commodity directorates of the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation by providing customised hyperlinks to data pertaining to specific commodities. An arrangement has been worked out with Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) for regular transmission of prices and arrivals data from Agmarknet to the touch screen multimedia kiosks being installed by them at the rural cooperative societies. 11.19 Construction of Rural Godowns: The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation introduced a central sector scheme, the ‘Grameen Bhandaran Yojana’, in March 2002 to promote the construction of rural godowns. The main objectives of the scheme include the creation of a scientific storage capacity with allied facilities in rural areas to meet the requirements of farmers for storing farm produce and to prevent distress sale of produce. Initially, the scheme was approved for two years i.e., up to 2003. The scheme was later approved for implementation up to 31 March 2007 with some modifications. Under the revised scheme, a subsidy at the rate of 25 per cent was given to all categories of farmers, agriculture graduates, cooperatives and the Central Warehousing Corporation/State Warehousing Corporations (CWC/ SWCs). All other categories of individuals companies and corporations are entitled to a subsidy at the rate of 15 per cent of the project cost. In North-Eastern states/ hilly areas and SC/ST entrepreneurs and their cooperatives, subsidy is provided at the rate of 33.33 per cent. 11.20 A total of 90-lakh tonnes capacity of rural godowns was targeted during the Tenth Plan period. However, the target has now been revised upwards to 140 lakh tonnes as the target of 90 lakh tonnes was achieved during 2004-05 itself. Till 31 December 2006, 13030 storage projects having a capacity of 180.88 lakh tonnes have been sanctioned under the scheme. . 11.21 Development/Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure, Grading and Standardisation: The scheme for the development/strengthening of agricultural marketing infrastructure, grading and standardisation was launched on 20 October 2004. Under this scheme, a credit-linked investment subsidy is being provided on the capital cost of general or commodity-specific marketing infrastructure for agricultural commodities and for strengthening and modernisation of existing agricultural wholesale markets, and rural or periodic markets in tribal areas. The scheme covers all agricultural and allied sectors including dairy, po ultry, fishery, livestock and minor forest produce. The scheme is reform linked and is being implemented in those states/UTs that permit the setting up of agricultural markets in the private and cooperative sector and allow direct marketing and contract farming. 11.22 A sum of Rs 67.00 crore has been allocated for implementation of the scheme during 2006-07, of which an amount of Rs 25.00 crore has been provided to NABARD during the current year up to 30 November 2006. During this year, Bihar, Chhatisgarh, Arunachal Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra and the UTs of Chandigarh and Lakshadweep were notified for implementation of the scheme. These are in addition to the states of Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, Sikkim, Nagaland, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, and the UTs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli which were notified in the previous year. There were 22 training and awareness programmes that were conducted. The operational guidelines of the scheme have been modified to permit the state agencies to take up projects from their own funds without availing credit from the financial institutions. The condition of altitude of location of the project has been relaxed and all projects in the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir are now eligible for a higher subsidy of 33.33 per cent. An amount of Rs 9.74 crore has been released by the NABARD as subsidy for 703 projects in the states of Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh during 2006-07 (up to 30 November 2006). Since inception and till 30 November 2006, 881 projects have been sanctioned and a subsidy of Rs 13.82 crore released to the beneficiaries. 11.23 NIAM: Set up in August 1988, NIAM has been imparting training to senior and middle-level executives of agricultural and horticultural departments, agro industries, corporations, state marketing boards, agricultural produce market committees and apexlevel cooperatives, commodity boards, export houses recognized by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Agency (APEDA), CBs and NGOs. Besides these clients, the NIAM also imparts training to farmers on marketing management. 11.24 NIAM is managed by a governing body under the chairmanship of the union minister of agriculture and an executive committee under the chairmanship of the secretary, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation. 11.25 Training Activities: The Institute organised 18 training programmes, workshops, awareness programmes and management development programmes during 2006-07, up to 31 October 2006. 11.26 Management Development Programmes (MDPs): This initiative was started in the year 2003-04. Four MDPs have been successfully organised during 2006-07 for leading companies like Bayer Crop Science, MICO BOSCH etc., for the benefit of executives of these companies working in various capacities. The participants rated all these MDPs as excellent programmes and many other companies have shown keen interest in organising such events by NIAM. 11.27 Project Formulation: In order to generate resources and ensure optimum utilisation of the expertise of the NIAM faculty, the Institute has taken up several consultancy projects in the year 2006-07. NIAM has completed infrastructural development project of fruits and vegetables cold store, grading line, ripening chamber etc., for the Haryana State Agricultural Marketing Board (HSAMB) at Shahabad, Sirsa, Rohtak, Karnal and Jhajjar. The Institute has also undertaken project formulation for the following, which are in progress: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Setting up a Special Export Zone (SEZ) for mushrooms at Sonipat for the HSAMB; Modernisation of agricultural markets in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Orissa; Modern terminal markets for Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Orissa; and Controlled atmospheric storage for apples at Kolkata for the State Government of Jammu and Kashmir. 11.28 Education: The Institute introduced a postgraduate programme in agri-business management as a sub-centre of MANAGE, Hyderabad with effect from July 2001, and 50 students (26 students in the first year and 24 in the second year) are presently enrolled. The programme is designed to assist agricultural graduates to acquire the critical knowhow to compete in the domestic and global business arena to make them efficient agri– business managers. 11.29 The SFAC was registered by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, on 18 January 1994. It is managed by a board of management consisting of 20 members and chaired by the union minister of agriculture as its ex-officio president, and the secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation as its ex-officio vice president. The managing director is the chief executive of the SFAC. It has established 18 state-level SFACs by contributing a corpus fund. The mission of the Society is to support innovative ideas for generating income and employment in rural areas by promoting private investments in agri-business projects. 11.30 The central sector scheme for agri-business development is being implemented by SFAC in close association with CBs for (a) providing venture capital assistance to agribusiness projects; and (b) assisting farmer/producer groups in preparation of quality Detailed Project Reports (DPRs). The scheme envisages providing venture capital assistance to 85 agri-business projects, and assist farmers/producer groups in preparation of 100 DPRs during the Tenth Plan period. An amount of Rs 38.00 crore has been allocated for the implementation of this scheme during 2006-07. For its effective implementation, the SFAC has already signed an MOU with 15 CBs including the Oriental Bank of Commerce, United Commercial Bank, Bank of Baroda, Punjab National Bank, Central Bank of India, Allahabad Bank, Canara Bank, Vijaya Bank, The Jammu & Kashmir Bank Ltd, Bank of Maharashtra, United Bank of India, Syndicate Bank, State Bank of India, State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur and Indian Bank. 11.31 Under the scheme, the SFAC during 2006-07 (up to 31 January 2007) has sanctioned venture capital assistance to 27 agri-business projects with varied agribusiness activities involving Rs 6.88 crore. Since the inception of the scheme, 71 agribusiness projects have been sanctioned involving venture capital assistance of Rs 18.21 crore. These projects are expected to mobilise private investments of Rs 194 crore, which will provide an assured market to 36000 farmers for their produce, and create direct employment for 6200 persons. 11.32 Programmes being implemented in North-Eastern States: The details of the programmes being implemented in the North-Eastern region are indicated in Annexure – 11.1

Dbq of “The Roaring 20’s”

Honors American Studies 2 Blk. 1 3-19-2012 Document Based Question. In America, the 1920’s were a time of constant change, and also great conflict and there seemed to be two sides. The side encouraging change and the side repelling even the sheer idea of change. But whether you liked it or not, change was happening all over. Hundreds of new products were being churned out of assembly lines by the minute, and it seemed that everything was feasible with new technology. The economy was booming, and with the help of credit and mass production, even the poorest of citizens could afford goods.Change was every evident in the 1920’s and no matter if it was good or bad, it was necessary for the growth of the United States. Documents A and G both show a side to society that was quite unheard of before the Roaring Twenties: women acting â€Å"unladylike†. Document A is a cigarette advertisement from the 1920’s, showing a woman in a skimpy flapper dress claiming the a ttention of a young man. The slogan on the ad reads â€Å"what is more irresistible than Murad? † Document G spectacles a scandalously clad woman, a flapper. The woman’s dress is sleeveless, and is short enough to show her knees.Both illustrations show how women were beginning to escape the shadow of their husbands, and to defy the standards that society had trapped them in for generations. Women were fed up with being the quiet, subdued housewife and were ready to make their mark on the world, no matter what it took to do so. Another idea that rocked American society was the notion of planned parenthood and birth control. In Document D Margaret Sanger tells of the horrors of premature parenthood and gives countless reasons to avoid becoming a parent too soon.She blames children coming too soon for the â€Å"millions of marriages [that have been] blighted†. She resents the idea of marriage being an introductory to motherhood and states that Americans need to und erstand that the idea of womanhood as it relates to marriage has changed and that planned parenthood and birth control can help preserve this new idea. Sanger declares that motherhood is a wonderful experience that helps to shape and unfold â€Å"the realization of her higher nature† a woman has when she is ready to bear children.This being said, she also states that without the proper time for a couple to bond, an early or unplanned pregnancy can cause unwanted separation between husband and wife. Sure this all sounds fine and dandy to the average American, but the Catholic Church was not pleased. The Catholic Church did not believe in birth control fought heavily against it. But dispite their efforts, Margaret Sanger planted a seed in the minds of the young couples of America, and completely changed the perception of motherhood and marriage. Advertisements were the next thing to go through major changes.Very seldom, if ever did companies use risky tactics to attract custome rs until the 1920’s rolled around. Businesses were using fear, generalization, and blanket statements to get customers to buy their products. Document E shows this in the advertisement for Everyday Flashlight and Battery. It is titled â€Å"The Song that STOPPED! † and is about a young girl who goes down into her cellar for her mother, but trips in the dark and breaks her leg. The advertisement circumstances that â€Å"if a flashlight had been hanging at the head of the cellar stairs, this little tragedy would have been averted†.Everyday Flashlight uses this story to instill fear and anxiety into their customers, and say that they need their product not only as a convenience, but to protect their family. They play upon the desire Americans have to make their lives easier and tell the public that they need their flashlight to do so. These tactics were brand new in advertisement, and only got worse as years went on†¦now we even have half hour long advertiseme nts telling us how much we need a product†¦ America underwent many different vicissitudes during the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† and each one helped to develop what the country is today.Changes in advertisements paved the way for the infomercials of the 21st Century, and helped to sell products and keep the economy moving. Margaret Sanger gave America a whole new perspective on motherhood, marriage, and birth control that Americans still follow today. And the flappers†¦well, they sure did provide entertainment, as well as a way for women to express themselves and have a little fun after years of oppression. Although a few changes eventually helped drive America into a depression, most were quite beneficial to the country and are still affecting Americans today.

Definition and Examples of Testimony in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Testimony in Rhetoric Testimony is a  rhetorical term for a persons account of an event or state of affairs. Etymology: from the Latin, witness Testimony is  of various kinds, said  Richard Whately in Elements of Rhetoric (1828), and may possess various degrees of force, not only in reference to its own intrinsic character, but in reference also to the kind of conclusion that it is brought to support. In his discussion of testimony, Whately examined the distinctions between matters of fact and matters of opinion, noting that there is often much room for the exercise of judgment, and for difference of opinion, in reference to things which are, themselves, matters of fact. Examples and Observations Four out of five dentists surveyed recommend Trident sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum! -(advertising claim made by Trident chewing gum)No wonder so many doctors now smoke and recommend King-Size Viceroys. -(advertising claim made in the 1950s by Viceroy cigarettes)One of the Soviet Georgias senior citizens thought Dannon was an excellent yogurt. She ought to know. Shes been eating yogurt for 137 years. -(advertising campaign for Dannon Yogurt)Extrinsic Proof as Testimony-  I define testimony as everything that is brought in and secured from some external circumstance for the purpose of gaining a conviction. The best witness, therefore, is one who has, or is perceived by the jury to have, authority. -(Cicero, Topica, 44 B.C.)- Cicero stated that all extrinsic proofs rely chiefly upon the authority granted by the community to those who make them (Topics IV 24). In other words, Cicero defined all extrinsic proof as testimony. In keeping with Ciceros remark, we might argue that facts are a kind of testimony since their accuracy depends upon the care taken by the person who establishes them as facts and upon his reputation in relevant communities, as well. -(Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2004) George Campbell on Evaluating Testimony (The Philosophy of Rhetoric, 1776)Although [George] Campbell does not provide a detailed discussion of the guidelines to be used in evaluating the reliability of a rhetors testimony, he does list the following criteria that may be used in corroborating or invalidating the claims of a witness: 1. The reputation of the author and the manner of his or her address.2. The nature of the fact attested.3. The occasion and disposition of the hearers to whom it was given.4. The design or motives of the witness.5. The use of concurrent testimony. When these criteria are met, and are consistent with experience, a high level of persuasion may be achieved. -(James L. Golden et al., The Rhetoric of Western Thought: From the Mediterranean World to the Global Setting, 8th ed. Kendall Hunt, 2003)Testimony of Condoleezza RiceOn August 6, 2001, over a month before 9/11, during the summer of threat, President Bush received a Presidential Daily Briefing (PDB) at his Crawford, Texas ranch indicating that bin Laden might be planning to hijack commercial airliners. The memo was entitled Bin Laden Determined to Strike inside US, and the entire memo focused on the possibility of terrorist attacks inside the US. In testimony before the 9/11 Commission, Condoleezza Rice, National Security Advisor to President Bush, stated to the commission that she and Bush considered the August 6th PDB as just an historical document and stated that it was not considered a warning. -(D. Lindley Young, The Modern Tribune, April 8, 2004) Richard Whately on Matters of Fact and OpinionObserving that argument from testimony is related mostly to jurisprudence, [Richard] Whately [1787-1863] observes two kinds of Testimony that can be used to support the truth of a premise: testimony regarding matters of fact, in which a witness testifies to matters verified by the senses, and testimony regarding matters of opinion, in which a witness offers a judgment based on common sense or deduction. As a form of argument from signs, testimony convinces by presenting evidence of an effect from which a cause or condition can be inferred. -(Nan Johnson, Nineteenth-Century Rhetoric in North America. Southern Illinois University Press, 1991)The Testimony of WitnessesContemporary rhetoric includes a kind of testimony that was absent from ancient considerations: statements by persons who were physically present at an event. The authority of proximate witnesses derives not from their wisdom or their professional expertise but from the modern presumption that evidence provided by the senses is reliable and credible. . . .The worth of testimony offered by proximate witnesses must pass several tests. First, a witness must be in a position to observe the events in question. Second, conditions must be such that a witness can adequately perceive an event. Third, the witnesss state of mind at the time must be conducive to her accurate observation and reporting. If this is not the case, her testimony must be modified accordingly. Fourth, in keeping with modern faith in empirical evidence, testimony offered by a proximate witness is more valuable than evidence offered by someone who was not present. -(Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2004) Pronunciation: TES-ti-MON-ee

The Voyage of the Dawn Treader essays

The Voyage of the Dawn Treader essays The Voyage of the 'Dawn Treader' was written by C.S. Lewis, it was pulished by HarperTrophy, in the U.S. in 1955 and reprinted in 1983. The book has 216 pages and is a novel of fiction and adventure. The story begins with Lucy and Edmund staying at their aunt and uncle's house. Their cousin Eustance, who they did not get along with at all, was always ordering them around and never leaving them alone. One afternoon when Edmund and Lucy finally did catch a moment alone they began to talk of Narnia, their own secret world which they had visited twice before. In Lucy's room they looked at the picture on the wall above Lucy's bed, it was of a s a Narnian ship, the 'Dawn Treader' and they longed to be on it. Just then Eusance walked into the room and began to tease them about Narnia, and suddenly, they began to shrink. Lucy and Edmond knew what was happening but Eustance didn't . A few moments after, they were drowning in the water beside the 'Dawn Treader'. On board the ship, they found the prince of Narnia- Caspian. He gave them warm clothes and introduced them to his crew. Then he explained to them why they ( Prince Caspian and his crew) were there: "A longtime ago as a child my usurping uncle Miraz got rid of seven friends of my father's (who might have taken my part)by sending them off to explore the unknown Eastern Seas beyond the Lone Islands......on my coronation day , with Aslan's approval, I swore an oath that, if once I had established peace in Narnia, I would sail east myself for a year and a day to find my father's friends or to learn of their deaths, and avenge them if I could." The remainder of the book tells of they different obstacles that the group meet on their travels, on the Dawn Treader, and each obstacle is an adventure. I enjoyed reading about their many encounters for example- when they reach the Island of vo ...